ageisum Essays

ageisum Essays ageisum Essay ageisum Essay Present day society sees maturing as a type of ailment and the older as people who are nearer to passing on and demise. This is what is regularly depicted in our mass and internet based life. When considering issues of maturing sociologists have discovered that progressively constructive qualities are frequently said for people under sixty five years than for more than sixty five years. For example , development and improvement, excellence, great wellbeing, satisfaction are bound to be recorded as qualities of being under sixty five years, though decay wellbeing, depression undesired physical appearance are probably going to be recorded for ersons more than sixty five years. As per the Center of Confidence and prosperity (n. d) reports generalizations of the old as being poor, despondent, decrepit, unfit to learn new things and less valuable than their more youthful partners. The creator outline of this taking everything into account we will initially address the components that might be answerable for the advanced view of the older, hypothetical points of view on maturing, impacts of ageism and the progressions that society can make to dispense with the negative impression of maturing. The seniors in our general public was not generally iewed adversely as per gerontologist David Hackett Fisher who noticed that writing from the seventeenth and eighteenth century frontier American focused on reverence and regard for the old. He keeps up that the old were held in adoration. In European culture the picture of the old was overwhelmed for quite a while by the irresolute conventions. The older was both seen as an insightful and honorable just as the old bonehead. Writing in pre-mechanical France as indicated by Jean-Pierre Gutton, set apart by this twofold customs. Seventeenth-century verse then again held a progressively positive perspective on the matured. By and large the picture of the older in pre-modern France was more negative than positive. This changed after 1750 affected by Romanticism when the picture of the shrewd elderly people procured extra criticalness. The older came to represent righteousness and reason. Various societies treat the old in various manners. Cox (1998) notes examine demonstrating an opposite connection between the level of modernization and the status concurred old people (Cox, 1998, 1), which implies that in the more industrialized countries, the more seasoned individual has a lower status than is the situation in less industrialized countries. This is something we can consider all to be us as our own way of life commends youth to the rejection of the old and has been accused of discarding more established individuals. In spite of industrialization of the Asian culture as indicated by Erdman Falmores we witness proof of Falmores perception that Japan, whose degree of industrialization matches Americans own, in any case keeps up a solid custom of dutiful devotion and effective mix of old residents into network life. There seems, by all accounts, to be an incredible variety concerning the treatment that more seasoned grown-ups get, extending from outrageous love and regard to bandonment and hardship, McTavish (1971) audited the strategy and discoveries of an expansive scope of studies managing impression of mature age. He states, Most examiners report discoveries which bolster the view that mentalities toward the modernization to the point of commonly negative view in industrialized Western countries (p. 91). At the end of the day, the more socialized the general public is, the almost certain they are to be ageist and keep up negative mentalities about the matured. For example men in the Middle East view mature age as lifes highest point (Slater, 1964). More established men are seen as having accomplished high status and glory. Actually, as indicated by Slater, the word sheik initially implied elderly person. Womens status and force increases in numerous societies following menopause. Okada (1962, refered to in Gutmann, 1985) states that the old widow has extraordinary force in the Japanese family. Ladies in numerous little scope customary social orders additionally appreciate an expansion in status (Brown, 1985). Post-menopausal ladies in these social orders as a rule experience more prominent sexual opportunity, the option to take part in custom, the option to partake in the political domain of the general public, and an abatement in the measure of work required in the home. With respect to work, the more seasoned oman is required to be leisured. The culturally diverse contrasts in mentalities towards the matured may to some degree be because of various cultural viewpoints. In most western societies the old today are scarcely respected with strict wonderment or love. They have become virtual untouchables of society, many living on the periphery, regularly in retirement networks or in nursing homes. William Withers expresses that advanced societies have adapted to the demise of the matured, limiting its problematic behavior, by withdrawing the older from the crucial elements of society (518). In most current society, accentuation and worth are set on youth, with publicizing eared toward and glamorizing the youthful. In media outlets which affects culture maturing is viewed as a disgraceful thing when in actuality its a characteristic procedure. Maturing effortlessly is a relic of past times when there is strain to remain youthful with mechanical advances by performing obtrusive corrective medical procedures to battle the maturing procedure and various sorts of maturing items. Maturing in todays society is considered more to be an illness than a characteristic procedure. The older are casualties of mixed up convictions and nonsensical mentalities proclaimed by society, to a great extent through the different broad communications. Considering this wonders which developed during the twentieth century and their relationship to the adjustments in financial matters and social strategy during that time so as to comprehend the manner by which society conceptualizes and arrange, now and then through social approach, an age gathering to meet its apparent qualities, thoughts or requirements. The beneficiary a term which didn't exist in the prior piece of the only remaining century however one which is presently applied all things considered to every one of the individuals who are arriving at retirement age, are compelled to resign from work so as to make employments for more youthful citizenry. For some older folks this is a sentence to live on an endlessly decreased salary, while for other people, it is a period of decision and chance to invest more energy with loved ones. Anyway this is liquid and reliant on the socioeconomics and economy of the general public, the retirement age in the I-JK is set to ascend to sixty-six years in 2024, sixty-seven years in 2034, sixty-eight years in 2044 for both genders (Department of Work and Pensions, 2006). The situation of the matured in current society is plainly an impression of the procedure of separation, alluded to by Morgan Kunkel (1998) as far as retirement. Separation ought to be a social procedure that moves more seasoned individuals into another game plan, yet at the same time into full cooperation inside the social world (Morgan Kunkel, 1998, 6). Withdrawal this eagerly and with the endorsement of progressive ages who advantage by means of the improved business openings which at that point become accessible. On the other hand, movement scholars contends that the best way to oppose separation was to keep up a middle age way of life (Fennell Phillipson and Evers, 1989). Despite the fact that pundits have contended that, numerous more established individuals do pull back from the open circle, there is little vidence to recommend that they do so deliberately; rather, maturing practices, for example, low retirement salary and reliance making administrations limit a large portion of them their ability to stay dynamic residents. A political economy viewpoint on maturing likewise focuses to expanding extremity of the maturing experience, going from social rejection of those more seasoned individuals living in territories of extraordinary monetary hardship (Schaef et al. 2002 ) to those youthful on a basic level, fit and rich more seasoned individuals who are the new specialty creators of the travel industry and travel industry (Warnes et el. , 1999; Ylanne-McEwen, 1999). American culture has been depicted as keeping up a stereotypic and regularly negative view of more established grown-ups (Busse, 1968). This negative as well as stereotypic impression of maturing and matured people is promptly clear in such territories as language, media, and cleverness. For instance, such normally utilized expressions as past that certain point and dont be an old fuddy-duddy signify mature age as a time of impotency and inadequacy (Nuessel, 1982). The term used to portray this stereotypic and frequently negative inclination against more established grown-ups is ageism (Butler, 1969). Ageism can be characterized as any disposition, activity, or institutional structure which ubordinates an individual or gathering on account old enough or any task of jobs in the public eye simply based on age (Traxler, 1980, p. 4). As an ism, ageism mirrors a bias in the public eye against more established grown-ups. As indicated by Bytheway (1995), ageism exists for the duration of the existence course. Ageism comprises ofa negative predisposition or stereotypic mentality toward maturing and the matured. It is kept up as basically negative generalizations and legends concerning the more established grown-up. Traxler (1980) diagrams four factors that have added to this negative picture of maturing. The factor that is hypothesized to ontribute to ageism is the dread of death in Western culture. Western development conceptualizes demise as outside of the human life cycle (Butler Lewis, 1977). In that capacity, demise is experienced and seen as an attack against oneself. Demise isn't viewed as common and unavoidable piece of the existence course in this manner, passing is dreaded. As death is dreaded, mature age is dreaded; demise and mature age are seen as equivalent in American culture (Kastenbaum, 1979). Kastenbaum (1973) speculates that ageism perspectives and generalizations serve to protect the youthful and moderately aged from the indecision they feel towards the older. This uncertainty results from the way that th

Concert Evaluation essays

Show Evaluation articles Music is a significant part in our general public. There are numerous kinds of music one may tune in to, for example, rap, rock, substantial metal, pop, Rs increasingly present day music to old style; anyway subsequent to learning a smidgen in my Music History 100 class and going to the Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra show, I took in slight premium. The show I went to was known as the Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra. Raymond Harvey was the director of the ensemble. The symphony occurred at the Max Fisher Music Center on Sunday October 17, 2004, at 3:00pm. The symphony comprised of violins, violas, cellos, basses, woodwinds, piccolo, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, French horns, trumpets, trombones, tuba, percussion, timpani, harp, console, and the piano. The symphony played four pieces. The four pieces in the program included R. Strauss, serenade for twists in E Flat Major, Op. 7; Dvorak, Symphony No. 8 in G major Op. 88; Ravel, Concerto in G major for piano and symphony; and Peter Boyer, New beginnings. The air of the show was exceptionally tranquil. It occurred in a huge symphony corridor, with a huge crowd. The ensemble corridor was extremely lovely it was finished with works of art and gold cutting which set a decent state of mind. I would evaluate around 400 individuals joined in. The vast majority of the crowd individuals were extremely mindful and took a great deal of enthusiasm for the pieces the symphony performed. The crowd was quiet and deferential towards the performers and didn't offer any side comments among themselves. The crowd applauded after each piece was played while the performers bowed. The thing I delighted in the most about the show was the smoothness of the crowd and the music. It was very not the same as different shows I have gone to previously. The music truly loosened up me in the wake of getting more into the show. The one thi ... <!

Khat Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help

Khat Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print What to Know About Khat Use By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 11, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 Ariadne Van Zandbergen / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Khat Do? Common Side Effects Signs of Use Myths and Common Questions Dependence and Withdrawal How to Get Help View All Back To Top Khat or qat is a drug found in the leaves of a wild, East African shrub called Catha edulis, which contains the central nervous system stimulant cathinone. The chewing of khat is tied to social and cultural traditions that date back thousands of years, mostly in North-Eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula where the plant is widely cultivated.?? While it has traditionally been a custom associated with older Muslim men, its use has grown in recent years among women and younger people. For example, nearly 30% of adolescent girls and over 70% of adolescent boys chew khat in Eastern Ethiopia.?? Cathinone is a Schedule I controlled drug, so khat is illegal in the United States and Canada, but not in some other countries. It is legal in countries including Ethiopia, Somalia, Yemen, and Kenya.?? Also Known As: Some of the common names associated with khat include Qat, Kat, Chat, Miraa, and Quaadka. Drug Class: Khat has a stimulant effect when chewedâ€"similar to the leaves of the coca plant, which is used for making cocaine. Common Side Effects: Side effects include increased respiration, elevated blood pressure, arrhythmias,  and dilated pupils. Regular use can also lead to tooth decay, gum disease, ulcers, and constipation. How to Recognize Khat Khat leaves are often green or a green-brown. The leaves have a glossy appearance when fresh that turn a leathery yellow-brown as they dry. It can sometimes be mistaken for marijuana. The leaves of the khat plant are often packed together in a bundle and wrapped in banana leaves. The leaves are most often chewed fresh since the active components of the plant break down quickly as they dry out. Dried leaves are sometimes used as a tea, although the effects are less potent.   What Does Khat Do? Khats effects are similar to those of other stimulants, such as caffeine. Users may become talkative, alert, elated, and experience euphoria. Some feel increased self-esteem, and others describe increased imagination and the ability to associate ideas.?? Khat is usually chewed, often held in the cheek for several hours and chewed periodically. Chewing sessions will typically last 3â€"4 hours. Khat can also be dried and consumed as a tea, but it is most potent when fresh. As khat chewing is an important social ritual among Somali, Yemeni, and Ethiopian cultures, it helps to maintain a sense of connection to the community and home among people who have migrated to other parts of the world. As a result, a small khat-chewing international drug trade has developed. An Overview of Stimulants and How Theyre Used What the Experts Say According to the World Health Organization, the effects of khat consumption are similar to strong coffee.?? Research published in 2011 suggested that khat has an effect on the gastro-intestinal, central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and genito-urinary systems.?? In addition to the cultural reasons for its use, people use it to experience the effects of euphoria, increased energy, and appetite suppression. Other Uses Khat has no approved or evidence-based medical uses in the United States. In countries where its sale and use are legal, it is sometimes used to treat fatigue, headaches, colds, and depression.?? Common Side Effects Although khat is a relatively low-risk drug, its associated with an increased risk for a variety of medical complications including dental disease, weight loss, constipation, hemorrhoids, impotence, blurred vision, dizziness, and headaches.?? Its unclear whether the health risks associated with khat use are directly related to the drug cathinone, the consumption of caffeinated drinks that intensify the high, or if theyre partially related to inhalation of second-hand smoke in poorly ventilated chewing houses. Some problems may be the result of toxic pesticides, which users do not wash off prior to chewing because they believe washing the leaves will reduce their potency.?? Mental health problems associated with khat use including psychosis symptoms are documented but not well understood. Khat use has also been associated with symptoms of depression, mood swings, and violent behavior, and it can lead to a relationship and social problemsâ€"especially when khat use takes men away from their families for extended periods, and when large amounts of money is spent on the drug.?? Although khat is considered a relatively safe drug, deaths have been associated with its use, according to a study published in 2011. Signs of Use Signs that someone might be using khat include: IrritabilityChanges in sleep habitsHigh blood pressureExcitability or hyperactivityDepressed moodLack of appetiteWeight loss Myths and Common Questions Khat use is illegal in the United States and media portrayals of the drug tend to exaggerate its effects. It is widely used by approximately 20 million people worldwide.?? It also has cultural significance in many of these countries, where it is often seen as a food rather than a drug, much the way that coffee is viewed in the United States. That said, because it is a mild stimulant, people sometimes mistakenly believe that it does not have any serious side effects. In addition to some of the more severe short-term consequences including heart arrhythmias, it can also have longer-term effects including mouth and stomach problems.?? It is also important to note that while occasional recreational use of khat is considered low-risk, there are legal consequences to its possession, sale, and use in countries where the drug is illegal. Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Chewing releases the drug slowly, so it doesnt produce the same immediate and intense high of addictive drugs such as cocaine and meth. Khat chewing is traditionally an all-male social activity, but those women who do chew khat tend to do so alone and in secrecy  and are at high risk of dependence.?? How Long Does Khat Stay in Your System? Once consumed, the effects of khat peak after approximately 15 to 30 minutes. The drug has a half-life of approximately three hours.   Addiction It is not known whether khat is addictive. It is believed that the addiction potential is relatively low, creating a physical addiction similar to that of caffeine.  Further research is needed to determine its potential for addiction. Withdrawal Withdrawal symptoms tend to be relatively mild and can include:?? Mood changesCravings for the drugIrritabilityDepression The severity of these symptoms can range from very mild to more severe depending on the frequency, amount, and duration of use. How to Get Help If you or someone you know has a problem with khat use, effective treatments are available. Because khat dependence and withdrawal symptoms are usually mild, people can often quit on their own using self-help strategies. Behavioral treatments including cognitive-behavioral therapy that address multiple aspects of the individuals life can be effective in reducing or eliminating khat use. Talk to your doctor if you feel that you need help with your khat use. You can also call SAMHSAs toll-free national hotline at 1-800-662-4357, or use their online treatment locator to find mental health services in your area.

I Think, Therefore, I Am Frontline Documentary, Digital...

‘I think, therefore, I am’ Frontline Documentary, Digital Nation, is a film I have recently watched. The emphasis of the film was how society is on the rise of reliance on computers, video games, Internet, and similar technologies. In addition, it also centers toward how children are being cultivated by advance technologies as well as the Internet, and how it has, and is affecting their day-to-day lives. Technology as we know it is here to stay and is only getting augmented by future generations of intelligent individuals that are passionate about what they do. We will not be able to keep technology at bay; nor will we be able to be unaffected and untouched by technology. Rene Descartes once argued â€Å"I think; therefore, I am,† saying that logical thought entails existence. In Descartes’ theory of mind, what role does consciousness play? Descartes, in fact, believed that all thoughts are, in some way conscious. Many scholars believe that, for Descartes, consciousness is the defining property of mind (e.g., Rozemond 2006). Defining the mind of Descartes as â€Å"the substance in which thought immediately resides† (7:161) When Descartes says the term â€Å"thought† I believe he is defining poetry of the mind as a distraction; â€Å"thought† of mind or the saying â€Å"I think; therefore, I am†, extends to â€Å"everything that is within us in such a way that we are immediately conscious of it† (7:160). If our mind is thinking substance and thoughts are essentially conscious, perhaps consciousnessShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesOperating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. Gregg’s Appliances, Inc.: Deciding on aRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for PrintedRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages(where appropriate). In general, the sequence of cases is intended to mirror the chapter sequence. However, this should not be taken too literally because, of course, many of these cases cover a variety of issues. The ‘classiï ¬ cation’ provided is therefore guidance only. We expect readers to seek their own lessons from cases, and tutors to use cases in whichever way and sequence best ï ¬ ts the purpose of their programmes. Where cases have been chosen to illustrate the issues of strategic choices andRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesMcGraw-Hill/Irwin series, operations and decision sciences) Gray’s name appears first on the earlier editions. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-340334-2 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-340334-2 (alk. paper) 1. Project management. 2. Time management. 3. Risk management. I . Gray, Clifford F. II. Gray, Clifford F. Project management. III. Title. HD69.P75G72 2011 658.4904—dc22 2009054318 www.mhhe.com About the Authors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon

My Favorite Case We Went Over In Constitutional Law This

My favorite case we went over in constitutional law this year is Lochner v. New York because of the display of power by the justices joined in the majority and the fervent dissent countering their reasoning. I have described Lochner above in the context of the Commerce clause above but my focus for this question is the case in context of the Substantive due process section of the class. The substantive due process clause deals with the law itself and not the process, substantive rights are protected under the Due Process Clause. This clause has come to encompass more and more rights, such as abortion, the right to die, and many other. â€Å"No state shall deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law† (U.S. Const.†¦show more content†¦The general right to make a contract in relation to business is protected by the 14th amendment because it was read into â€Å"liberty† of the due process clause. Justice Peckham established that â₠¬Å"The right to purchase or to sell labor is part of the liberty protected by this amendment, unless there are circumstances which exclude the right† (Lochner 809). The court found that the right to contract was a fundamental liberty, expanding the mean of that word to something more than just bodily freedom. A reason I think this is one of my favorite case is because this is one of the earlier cases of Judicial Activism. I tend to agree with Holmes’ dissent more because he argues that the constitution should not be used to limit governmental regulation under the guise of the 14th amendment to promote a Laissez-fair form of economics. â€Å"But a constitution is not intended to embody a particular economic theory, whether or paternalism and the organic relation of the citizen to the state or laissez-fair† (Lochner 813). He states that â€Å"Every opinion tends to become a law. I think that the word liberty in the Fourteenth Amendment is perverted when it is held to prevent the natural outcome of a dominant opinion†¦.† (Lochner 813). He disagreed with the majority Justice’s conclusion that creates law from the bench. It is the job of the legislature to create lawsShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Human Rights1390 Words   |  6 PagesThese are some of the issues that were discussed in Articles written by Michael Pollen in an â€Å"Animal’s Place†. An article on, rather animals, should have constitutional rights. Molly Ivins article â€Å"Get a Knife, Get a Dog, but Get Rid of Guns†. Is an Article on rather or not our right to bear arms should still be relevant? The third article â€Å"The Case of Torture†. Is an article on rather or not Terrorist should the same legal rights as a non-terrorist? Everyone should have equal rights, however, if youRead MoreCriminal Justics and Theories2471 Words   |  10 PagesWhile in my class I learned a variety of things but the most important topics that sto od out to me were the cases. As a class we went over several criminal cases but it were only a few I preferred. One of those cases were Berkemer v. Mccarty. The case originally came out of the U.S District Court for Southern District of Ohio, but later was brought to the Supreme Court. The crime that was charged was operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol and drugs. An Ohio State Trooper by name of WilliamsRead MoreFinal Exam Essay : Questions1808 Words   |  8 PagesSergio Leal Political Science 2301 26 June 2016 Final Exam Essay (Topic 1) Within this class’s short amount of time, I have learned a great amount in what our government is as whole and what specific roles it has on our society. 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The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association Free Essays

â€Å"The extent of the contractual effect of a company’s articles has long been a subject of controversy generating much academic debate, interest and at times consternation.†Griffin, S Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of associationCompany Law Newsletter (2010), pages 1-4. (Available on WestLaw). We will write a custom essay sample on The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association or any similar topic only for you Order Now Provide an overview of the academic debate in relation to the contractual effect of a company’s articles, highlighting specifically where the differences of opinion can be found. Introduction The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association has long been a contentious concept which is commonly referred to as the â€Å"statutory contract†, distinguishable from normal commercial contracts and uniquely applicable to each and every member of a company as a separate and binding covenant[1]. S.33 of the Companies Act 2006 now forms the basis of this â€Å"multi-party† contract[2] and is the successor to s.14 of the Companies Act 1985. S.33 states that: â€Å"the provisions of the company’s constitution bind the company and its members to the same extent as if there were covenants on the part of the company and of each member to observe it†[3]. This formulation represents only a slight departure from s.14 which made no specific mention of whether the company was a party to the contract. This small lexical difference aside the words of the new provision largely replicate the language of the old and, in Sealy and Worthington’s opinion, mean that â€Å"the same uncertainties seem destined to plague this area†[4]. Since s.33 has come into force only two cases have mentioned it directly[5] and so the likely effects it will have are still largely theoretical and based on the controversy which dogged s.14. This essay will provide an overview of the company’s articles of association and in part 1 will examine the academic debate which has surrounded both s.14 and now s.33. Part 1: The constitutional debate The academic debate on s.14 centers on the extent to â€Å"which it regulated a company’s obligation to adhere to the terms of its articles in relation to dealing with its members†[6]. The extent of a company’s contractual obligation was, as noted above, notably absent from the 1985 version and this was the catalyst for a vigorous debate into the precise boundaries of the company in relation to the articles. Astbury J argued that s.14 creates rights and obligations between the company and its members but qualified it heavily by saying that this only applied in relation to those articles which regulated the rights and obligations of members generally[7]. Griffin characterizes this, in light of the case law, as being that a member can enforce only those parts of the articles which relate to a â€Å"pure membership obligation†[8] . Purely procedural issues, such as a member’s right to vote at a company meeting would be denied where the meeting related to an internal procedure but accepted where the meeting related to a more substantial issue of constitutional significance[9]. As Griffin points out there was strong opposition to Astbury J’s restricted view of the extent of a company’s contractual obligation under s.14 with Lord Wedderburn arguing that the obligation extended to all obligations save those which related to merely â€Å"internal procedures†[10] and as long as it was pursued by a member qua member and Gregory argued that, without exception, a member should be able to enforce every obligation within a company’s articles irrespective of status[11]. The new drafting of s.33, which is more expansive than s.14 in relation to the companies’ contractual obligations, would seem to support Lord Wedderburn and Gregory’s arguments[12]. As Griffin notes the wording was inserted late into the Company Law bill by Lord Wedderburn himself in the House of Lords and on a literal reading does reflect his teachings[13]. Section 33 has now been in operation since 2009 and it is still unclear as to whether it will evolve towards Lord Wedderburn’s views or remain entrenched with Astbury J. So far the courts have steered clear of deciding if it does[14] and Randall QC has only seen fit to mention the â€Å"slightly changed† language of s.33[15]. Conclusion In conclusion the contractual effect of the articles of association, notwithstanding the altered language employed in s.33, will remain contentious for many years to come. The debates which plagued s.14 of the 1985 Act have not yet been exorcised by the Companies Act 2006 and the key question remains as to the precise extent of a company’s contractual obligations under the articles. The lack of cases in the few years that s.33 has been operational would seem to hint that the courts are unwilling to give effect to Lord Wedderburn’s scholarly intentions much less Gregory’s. Sealy and Worthington are right when they warn that the problems behind s.14 will be inherited by s.33: â€Å"†¦this provision [s.14] has been an endless source of varying interpretations and conflicting analyses†¦the same uncertainties seem destined to plague this area†.[16] Bibliography Books Gower Davies (2008) Principles of Modern Company Law Sweet Maxwell: London Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford Journals Gregory, R (1981) ‘The Section 20 Contract’ Modern Law Review 44 p.526 Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter Lord Wedderburn (1957) ‘Shareholders’ Rights and the Rule in Foss v Harbottle’ Company Law Journal p.194 Scanlan, Gary Ryan, Chris (2007) ‘The Accrual of Claims for Breach of Contract Under s.14 Companies Act 1985 and s.33 Companies Act 2006: The Continuing Obligation’ Company Lawyer 28(12) pp367-371 Cases Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheepbreeders’ Association [1915] 1 Ch.881 Statute Companies Act 2006 Companies Act 1985 [1] Scanlan, Gary Ryan, Chris (2007) ‘The Accrual of Claims for Breach of Contract Under s.14 Companies Act 1985 and s.33 Companies Act 2006: The Continuing Obligation’ Company Lawyer 28(12) pp367-371 [2] Gower Davies (2008) Principles of Modern Company Law Sweet Maxwell: London [3] Companies Act 2006, s.33 [4] Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford at p.250 [5] Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) [6] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.1 [7] Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheepbreeders’ Association [1915] 1 Ch.881 at 900 per Astbury J [8] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.1 [9] Macdougall v Gardiner (1875-6) L.R.1 Ch.D.13 (CA) [10] Lord Wedderburn (1957) ‘Shareholders’ Rights and the Rule in Foss v Harbottle’ Company Law Journal p.194 [11] Gregory, R (1981) ‘The Section 20 Contract’ Modern Law Review 44 p.526 [12] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.2 [13] Ibid at p.4 [14] Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) at para 59 per Vos J [15] Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) at para 27 per Randall QC [16] Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford at p.250 How to cite The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association, Essay examples

Race in United States

Table of Contents Introduction Research questions Literature Review Relevance of the Study Methodology Empirical Analysis Works Cited Introduction United States has stood to be one of the world’s economic power houses. The country has been recognized as one of the nations with more than enough resources that could fully support its citizens. This however, resulted in some negative effects which include ecological destruction and racial discrimination.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Race in United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though considered as having some of the best environmental laws, the communities within the country are not given equal treatment. The policies safeguarding the environment have not fully addressed some equal benefits to all members of the society since some communities are generally overlooked when it comes to usage of land and agriculture (Schelhas 7). Access to arable land has been a difficult task for the minority blacks who live in the USA. Large chunks of land and other natural assets have been dominated by the wealthy, majority of which are whites. The less privileged have been denied access to these natural resources and also used as damping sites for environmental wastes. This calls for the importance of including asset-building in the democratic strategy in order to account for sustainability and most importantly empowering the community (West 13). Research questions The research will seek to answer the following questions; To what extent do public policies contribute in reducing or increasing the cases of racial inequality in agricultural and environmental affairs? What brings about the unequal exposure to environmental protection? What policies can help reduce racism, raise productivity and increase employment opportunities? Literature Review According to Collin and Robin (13) political and logistical problems are the main b arriers to environmental and agricultural justice. There is no fixed relationship, between agricultural development and environmental stress. Both are determined by national policies and by investments that seek to increase research capacity and the knowledge needed to move from racial based society to a liberal society which treats human being with equal rights (Collin and Robin 13). Studies have revealed that agricultural work is crucial in the economy of a nation, and much attention should be given to both the rate and pattern of its development. Non-farm activities and policies that affect interactions between agriculture and industry are also important determinants of the level of employment and social status (West 13). According to Pefia (6), â€Å"there is a direct relationship between the persistence of environmental racism in farm work and the political, legal and economic conditions that maintain farm workers in a state of labor repression.† This was an implication that unequal trends in the environmental protection as well as unequal exposure to the environmental dangers emanated from the collective effects of several conditions and these conditions were more of economical, political and legal.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government’s public policies and laws that were put in place to give support to the farm labor contractor system gave limitations on legal grounds that could enable farm workers to organize themselves for the protection of their rights (West 13). According to Majka, immigrant status which has not been documented of a large number of farm workers weakened even more the farmer’s capacity to deal with the injustice challenge that face them in the agricultural place of work. The absence of the legal frameworks or the frameworks that are weak for organizing unions, attaining collaborative righ ts for bargaining, and the right to protest, presented greatest grave barriers to the achievement of the environmental justice for these workers (Majka and Majka). Basically, this implied that as long as the farm workers were still defenseless and unorganized, they still had limited ability to deal with the environmental racism in their work places as well as in the places they live. There existed some level of discrimination in US Department of Agriculture (USDA) loan, credit and subsidy program (Schelhas 7). Unequal treatment of farmers of color as well as discrimination imposed by the United States Department of Agriculture engaged a well documented legacy of institutionalized racism. There was acceptance by the internal report made by the Civil Rights Action Team of lack of success of the United States Department of Agriculture to go in line with the laws of federal civil rights. In the United States of America, Racial discrimination in USDA was left greatly unchecked at a time when Reagan administration came to an end. This was brought back by the Clinton administration in the year 1996 but the destruction had been done and the civil rights enforcement complaints were still eminent all through the 1990s (Swanston, 82). Global environmental study shows that there are so many environmental issues around the world that people have to contend with irrespective of their race or color. Amongst these environmental hazards include; dirty water, polluted air, waste treatment areas, municipal dumping sites, and government or industrial disposal facilities amongst others. However, researches have revealed that within the United States these environmental hazards have been worsened by the practice of racism. The existing environmental policies and practices are of great disadvantage to some individual communities of the same race. These policies have brought about environmental racism which has really benefited northern counties as opposed to Southern counties. Accor ding to Majka and Majka, environmental discrimination can be likened to institutional discrimination which is defines as â€Å"actions or practices carried out by members of dominant racial or ethnic groups that have differential and negative impact on members of subordinate, racial and ethnic, groups.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Race in United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These policies brought about extreme exploitation of arable land and the natural environment in favor of the native population. Those who form the numerical minority in politics and in any other sector were subjected to policy discrimination (Majka and Majka). The country under its current policies placed numerous strains on the environments associated with the under-privileged within the society mostly people of different race. This is seen in industries dealing with massive mining and extraction of resources.  Glob alization has made it easier for international companies to occupy places that have least environmental rules and regulations, cheap labor and good consumer base. Relevance of the Study This research tends to champion for the restoration and non-discriminating use of natural assets. It brings to the realization that natural assets are not limited but comprise variety of things such as land, clean air and water. The study seeks to show the necessity of utilizing agricultural land and environment with equality in mind. This focuses on reducing poverty level alongside building of financial wealth amongst the communities. The study will seek to identify give clear effects of public policies on natural resources and their effects on both rich and poor (West 13). The report will seek to find out why minority farmers have lost significant amounts of land and potential farm income as a result of discrimination by Farm Service Agency programs and the programs by its predecessor agencies (Sch elhas 7) Methodology Both quantitative and qualitative methods of study will be applied in this case. Literature survey study on the uses and challenges of environmental policies on agriculture and racism will form the basis of the study. The risks, challenges and benefits of Environmental policies will be identified and accounted for by use of examples. Part of the data will be obtained from the primary sources which provide explicit information on inequality brought about by poor government policies. Questionnaires will be prepared for use during structured interviews respondents being community members and environmental officials Qualitative method helps in easier understanding of data since it emphasizes on direct information from people’s words and actions.   Qualitative method has the characteristic that it should gather information on acquired data, based on quantitative methods. The task of understanding and presenting qualitative research proved to be very demandin g as statistics.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Empirical Analysis Inductive coding will be used to reveal how consistent the research is with the information given. The data will be broken down and re-organized to achieve the intended objective. The grouped data will then be categorized for the purposes of comparison that will help in providing practical reality of the research (Straus and Corbin). For quantitative analysis Chi-square analysis test will be utilized. The critical alpha level that will be used to measure discrepancies is 0.05. Empirical research design is developed in order to help in exploring the theory discussed in this paper. Individual calculations will be measured based on the interviews conducted and previous data collected statistically analyzed. Available database having track details on the nature of the effect of public policies on agricultural land and environment based on race will be analyzed. Meta analysis will be conducted to include all the effects of public policies on racial inequality down the previous years. This research seeks to establish an understanding between the research objectives and findings from the interview (Strauss and Corbin). This research employ the use of Grounded theory which will be used for the purposes of interpreting the data collected. Collecting, interpreting and understanding of data will be done best in grounded theory, where the collection of data, its analysis and theory are closely related bringing some relevance to the research undertaken (Strauss and Corbin). There is the utilization of peer debriefing which ensures that the required consistency is achieved. For the purposes of coding, the interview scripts are scrutinized to ensure identification of similar or different opinions, the similar ideas are identified substantiated and all the comments highlighted within the transcript margins. Two different evaluators are used each making his own coding frame for sampling the sub-transcripts (sub-sample used n=2). The different findings will t hen be compared to ensure accuracy of the coded data. From this a coding frame is produced that is appropriately utilized on the whole data collected. The data will then be thoroughly compared and analysed to tally with the requirements as per grounded theory approach. Data collection will also be followed by the process whereby the data is grouped into themes which assist in detailed description of the research based on the social and environmental settings. The validity of the research will be based on transparency and viability of message conveyed. Individual narrative interviews are conducted concurrently with the process of transcription and coding of data which is later concentrated and categorized for analysis (Strauss and Corbin). Works Cited Collin, Robert Robin, Morris. â€Å"The Role of Communities in Environmental Decisions: Communities Speaking for Themselves,† Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation Volume, 13 (1998): 10-58 Majka, Charles and Majka, Thomas. Organizing US farm workers: A continuous struggle. In. Hungry for profit: The agribusiness threat to farmers, food and the environment, ed. F Mgdoff, J B Foster, and F H Buttel. New York: Monthly Review Press. 2010. Pefia, Devon. â€Å"Environmental justice and sustainable agriculture: Linking ecological and social sides of sustainability†. Resources paper series, 23 (October 2002):34-48 Schelhas, John. Race, Ethnicity, and Natural Resources in the United States: A Review. Natural Resources Journal. 42, (2002): 30-110 Swanston, Stephen. Environmental Justice: mobilizing for the 21st Century: Environmental justice and environmental quality benefits: The oldest, most pernicious struggle and hope for burdened communities. Carolina: Academic Press, 2002. Strauss, Corbin. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and  Techniques. London, 1990. Print Timmer. Agriculture and the state: Growth, employment, and poverty  In developing countries, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1991 West, Patrick. â€Å"Urban region parks and black minorities; subculture, marginality, and interracial relations in park use in Detroit metropolitan area†. Leisure sciences 11, (2009): 11-28 This research paper on Race in United States was written and submitted by user Ryker Joyce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.